Coral Divers Resort Case Solution free essay sample

The issue that Coral Divers Resort (CDR) is confronting is that it has been not able to separate itself from different retreats in the New Providence, Bahamas area and has been encountering declining incomes and unrewarding quality for as far back as three years therefore. Different hotels that have had the option to represent considerable authority in specific fragments of the jumping business have been doing great over the previous years as the business keeps on developing. CDR must search for circumstances in the jumping business to locate a remarkable specialty and addition a serious edge that will prompt an expansion its incomes. The SWOT examination (Exhibit 1) takes a gander at the current territory of CDR and the earth it is working in. End and Recommendation: The best path for CDR to separate itself from different hotels and addition a serious edge is to band together with Rascals in Paradise and become a specific family jumping retreat. It is suggested that CDR utilize the comprehensive bundle way to deal with selling its excursions and split facilities equitably between Independent Family Packages and Special Family Packages and give all supper, bar administration, and keeping an eye on at a breakeven cost with dinner and bar duties redistributed to the nearby eatery and the sitters recruited by CDR from the neighborhood network. This choice is effective in turning the most elevated positive total compensation inside the primary entire year of usage (See year 2009 in Exhibit 4) and results in the most noteworthy development in incomes and benefits in the drawn out when contrasted with different other options. This is accomplished in light of the fact that practicing and being a first-mover into the developing family jumping fragment of the business create the most elevated upper hand. Factor Analysis: The variables from which this choice was made for CDR were cost, benefit, simplicity of execution, and upper hand. Benefit and upper hand were the variables that were most significant when hoping to decide the best arrangement. Since CDR had been losing benefit altogether and the capital stores of CDR are amazingly little, if the gainfulness of the retreat doesn't turn positive rapidly it could mean liquidation for the hotel. The standards used to pass judgment on this factor is prompt productivity of the arrangement in the main entire year of usage. Second, upper hand was a significant integral factor since it is the basic issue for CDRs absence of income development. Without a particular upper hand and a predefined target showcase, CDR has been reliably losing incomes to different retreats with a progressively recognized claim to fame. Picking an answer that would reinforce CDRaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s serious edge would add practical development to incomes later on. The measures used to pass judgment on this factor is the most noteworthy continued anticipated income development later on. Cost and simplicity of execution were utilized as supporting components. Cost is a significant factor in light of the fact that with constrained assets and amazingly low current overall revenues, any additional expenses would additionally build the total deficit CDR encounters. The measures used to pass judgment on this factor was minimal measure of included costs fundamental for usage. Simplicity of usage was another supporting component that was contemplated in view of little size of CDRaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the executives and the constrained time and assets they need to actualize a change. Likewise in light of the fact that a significant change is totally fundamental at the earliest opportunity, the simplicity of usage would assume a noteworthy job in deciding how rapidly and viably the proposal could be established. The standards used to pass judgment on this factor was minimal measure of exertion required by the executives to actualize the arrangement. Elective Solutions: Aside from the suggested arrangement, the other elective that was taken a gander at top to bottom was the choice to have practical experience in experience jumping (explicitly shark plunging) and expanding the proficiency of CDRaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities by eliminating pontoon upkeep and work costs. This would be finished by selling one of the vessels and laying-off one of the jumpers (See appraises in Exhibit 3). This option gives brisk cost slicing to diminish CDRaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s costs, gives extra income through the new experience plunging alternative, and is anything but difficult to actualize into its activities. This arrangement figures out how to post a positive benefit in the main year of usage (Displayed in Exhibit 3). Be that as it may, this option doesn't give a feasible income stream into the future on the grounds that the absence of upper hand it constructs and the extraordinary rivalry of other shark plunging centered retreats in the territory (See diminishing benefits from years 2010 to 2011 in Exhibit 3). Examination of Solutions: When it comes to passing judgment on the choices with the most significant variables of benefit augmentation and upper hand, the prescribed choice to get concentrated on family jumping get-aways is a lot more grounded than the choice to spend significant time in shark plunging. (Shown in detail in Exhibit 2). Joining forces with Rascals posts the most elevated first entire year benefits of $166,000 contrasted with the experience centered and cost productivity elective that posts a first year benefit of $112,000. Further, the joining forces with Rascals has anticipated incomes that are supported farther later on as a result of the upper hand picked up while moving into the family arranged plunging fragment as opposed to the experience situated portion. The distinction in evaluated income between the two of every 2011 is roughly $620,000 with the family specialization arrangement having precisely 100% higher incomes. This plainly shows the impacts of the expanded upper hand in the family jumpers fragment in New Providence, Bahamas and the negative impact on deals income of the soaked shark plunging industry in the more drawn out term (Further detail under upper hand in Exhibit 2). The alternative to concentrate on experience plunging and cost effectiveness is the most straightforward to actualize and doesn't require especially exertion from the administration of CDR (See Exhibit 2 under Ease of Implementation for detail). It likewise controls cost successfully and just builds net costs negligibly (See absolute costs in Exhibit 3 for a considerable length of time 2009 to 2011). When evaluated on a scale out of one hundred dependent on the elements chose, the suggested choice ends up as the winner with a sign of 87 while the experience jumping with cost productivity alternative scores a 78 (See Exhibit 2 for breakdown of scores). Usage Plan: In request to execute the suggested choice in the least demanding manner conceivable, the procedure ought to be separated into a lot of six essential errands performed by Jonathon, his significant other Margaret, contractual workers, and examiners. The procedure begins on February 2, 2009 and finishes on June 18, 2009, completing multi week before the Rascal program is completely executed at CDR in the start of monetary year 2009 (See Exhibit 5 for each assignment in more noteworthy detail). 1. The main assignment is the underlying interview with Rascals and is to be lead by Jonathon Greywell. The underlying counsel and endorsement ought to be finished in about a month and is for nothing out of pocket. 2. The subsequent undertaking is the $70,000 Bank credit for the task and starts in March 2009. Most of the representing this errand is finished by Margaret and afterward the pitch is created and introduced to the financiers by Jonathon. This errand should take about a month and ought to be insignificant in costs. 3. The third errand is the cooperating procedure with the nearby eatery and starts in April 2009. This is finished by Jonathon and should take simply under a month. The expense of this assignment would be roughly $1000 for legal advisor charges to draw up an agreement. This assignment should take simply under a month. 4. The fourth errand is redesigning the two bungalows. This grants, redesign plans, and statements are found by Jonathon, while the requesting of materials and remodels are finished by temporary workers. The houses are examined before remodels (to acquire grants) and after redesigns by assessors. The expense of this errand is around $60,000. This errand should take somewhat under more than two months. 5. The fifth assignment is to introduce the play area. This assignment is dealt with by the contractual workers following finishing the remodels. This undertaking should cost about $10,000 and be finished inside seven days. 6. The last assignment is to recruit and train sitters and it is taken care of by Margaret. Promotions are set up in May 2009 and interviews are led. Official preparing happens the third a week ago in June 2009. This errand ought to have negligible expenses. Why Rascals is the best other option: No danger of destroying wellbeing notoriety This alternative comprised of including two separate evening shark plunges on Wednesday and Saturday to Shark Wall and Shark Buoy for an extra charge to every jumper ready. By presenting experience jumping the main extra factor costs that would need to be brought about would be the expense for shark feed during each plunge and the additional expense for taking a pontoon out on every evening. So as to make the most of this experience plunging opportunity, a venture of $15,000 would need to be made in a junk mail suit to ensure the shark feeder. Likewise in light of the fact that none of the current staff jumpers would accept the position of shark jumper, the Canadian jumper would be supplanted with an expert shark jumper. This would likewise expand the security of the shark plunges, which are characteristically risky. On the cost cutting side of this arrangement, an extra jumper would be laid-off to spare around $20,000 every year on work costs and leave 3 expert jumpers on staff with all the more plunging time. The second activity that would make CDR progressively effective is sell the maturing 35 foot stage pontoon and adequately leave the two 40 foot vessels being used. This would lessen the pontoon support cost by around 33% and spare about $10,000 for CDR. The money offer of the pontoon, which is esteemed at approximat

6 tips for writing an acknowledgement letter

Each individual in an administrative position in the long run arrives at a point where they have to make an affirmation letter. These letters are fundamentally a card to say thanks in which the creator perceives crafted by someone in particular and offers their thanks for it. The main qualification between a customary card to say thanks and an affirmation letter is that the previous spotlights on one little occasion, such as sorting out a gathering lunch, while the previous spotlights on something long haul, similar to a persevering network administration volunteer. It tends to be troublesome, to summarize, something as broad as this inside one letter, so here is some fundamental direction in such manner. Remain On One Page While it tends to be extremely simple to ramble endlessly about an individual you are particularly thankful to, it is significant that you limit yourself to one leaf. Much else gets hard for the beneficiary to oversee and safeguard for an all-encompassing span. It tends to be extremely useful to cause an unfinished copy first and afterward to compose. Along these lines, you will have the option to guarantee that you remember immensely significant data for the article without going over the edge with the word tally. Express Your Feelings Freely As the name recommends, affirmation letters ‘acknowledge’ everything that someone in particular has done. Be that as it may, despite the fact that it might appear as though these letters are an expert issue, you really must be very nostalgic in them. Dissimilar to thank you letters, which are occasion driven (you are saying thanks to somebody for a specific activity), affirmation letters are feeling driven (you are communicating your own sentiments and appreciation for a certain person’s work). Accordingly, it is really supported that you are not aloof and really portray your feelings with respect to the person’s work. All things considered, you ought to abstain from getting sensational also. It is essential to find some kind of harmony. Just Bring Up Positive Things The reason for affirmation task composing is to commend an individual for their difficult work. Along these lines, it is amusing to talk about their blemishes in it. All things considered, you have certain poor feelings about whatever individual you are composing this letter for, and may even have ill will with them, yet you can't ‘acknowledge’ them in this paper. You need to remain positive and express your gratefulness for all the great work the subject being referred to has done. Review Specific Details You additionally need to give your paper authenticity and exhibit its realness. Incorporate explicit occasions, activities, and subtleties that will show exactly why you are valuing the subject of the letter. This will likewise show that your assessments are certifiable on the grounds that you can review these particular activities, and are not just composing it for it. Finis h up By Highlighting The Consequences As you approach the finish of your affirmation letter composing, you should make reference to how the activities and work of the getting individual have had an extensive constructive outcome on the association they were working with. Try not to be theoretical about this, and obviously show how precisely they left a decent impact on the organization, and how their impact will be kept on being felt for quite a while to come. Wish Them Well At the finish of your letter, you should wish the individual whom the letter thanks good karma. Express your desire to see them progress nicely, paying little mind to your genuine individual sentiments. You ought to likewise make reference to that the individual will be a significant resource for whatever association or person(s) they will work later on. As a pioneer, it is your duty to compose these letters. These six things are all you have to know to begin on your affirmation letter composing.

A Minimalists Thoughts on Diet

A Minimalists Thoughts on Diet A few years ago, I was a meat-‘n’-potatoes kind of guy, and I felt like shit most of the time: I weighed 80 pounds more than I weigh now, I had stomach problems, I was tired and sluggish, and I lacked the energy necessary to live an active, fulfilling life. Today, my diet is markedly different, and I’ve never felt more alive. And this is why: Food. My diet today consists mostly of plants and unprocessed foods. I eat an abundance of vegetables: I’m particularly fond of avocados, spinach, broccoli, and anything greenâ€"not because they taste good, but because these foods makes me feel outstanding. I also eat fish, nuts, and seeds most days. My ideal meal looks something like this: a bowl containing a small portion of rice, half an avocado, a large piece of grilled salmon, a handful of almonds, and a massive spinach-carrot-cucumber side salad with almond oil and lemon. Avoid. There are quite a few foods I’ve drastically reducedâ€"or completely eliminatedâ€"from my diet: bread, pasta, sugar, gluten, meat (other than fish), bottom-feeding seafood (lobster, crab, and other garbagemen of the sea), most dairy products, and anything processed or packaged. There are many so-called experts out thereâ€"I am not one of themâ€"but it was my friend, Common Sense, who advised me to avoid most of these foods. Think about it: besides humans, do you know of any animals who drink another mammal’s breast milk? What other animal eats bread, pasta, or candy bars? Our bodies are not meant to consume this junk (one can make a good argument for eating meat, but I know I feel much better without it, and feeling better is my touchstone). But Joshua, how do you get enough protein, calcium, iron? How does the world’s strongest primate, the gorilla, consume enough of these nutrients? Gorillas eat vegetables and fruitâ€"leaves and bananas (many green vegetables are compr ised of 20â€"45% protein). Evidence shows that we need less protein than we think. Intermittent Fasting. I eat two meals a day (generally no snacks), both consumed within an eight-hour window, usually around 11 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. I fast during the day’s remaining sixteen hours (7 p.m. to 11 a.m.), consuming only water, herbal tea, or black coffee during those times. This is much easier than you think. If you want to lose weight, particularly fat, then intermittent fasting will make a drastic difference in your life. And yes, this means I skip breakfast. Visit Martin Berkhan’s website to learn more about I.F. Water, Liquids, and Juice. I drink roughly half my bodyweight in ounces of water each day. I weigh 165-ish pounds, so I drink 80â€"90 ounces of water per day. I’m also fond of drinking a couple powdered green drinks every day for increased vitality (personally, I enjoy Amazing Grass Green SuperFood). Additionally, I own a  masticating juicer and a NutriBullet blender, both of which are great for juicing and blending fresh vegetables and fruits, directly supplying my body with the nutrients I need. I also drink coffee, albeit appreciably less than I used to, as well as herbal teaâ€"but I eliminated cola and all sugary liquids from my diet (including fruit juices, which contain shockingly high amounts of sugar). Supplements. Although I eat a large quantity of nutrient-rich foods, I find it important to take daily supplements with each meal: multivitamin (comprehensive nutritional health), vitamin B-complex (cardiovascular health), and fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids for heart health). Depending on your diet, these may not be necessary for everyone, but I noticed a considerable difference in my body after two months of these daily supplements. Exercise. I exercise every day, but I don’t spend a ton of time, effort, or focus on it. I do only two things: 1) I walk between three and eight miles each day, allowing me plenty of time to think, breathe, and de-stress as I meander the neighborhoods near my home; and 2) I work out for eighteen minutes. I’m not worried about building vanity musclesâ€"I’m concerned with how I feel. I discovered when I eat and exercise in ways that help me feel good, lean muscles are a nice bonus. You don’t have to kill yourself to become fit. My friend, personal trainer Vic Magary, is the fittest guy I know and yet he often exercises only ten minutes a day. Everyone has ten to twenty minutes a day to dedicate to their health, right? Sleep. Because of diet and exercise, I need less sleep than I used to. Most mornings I wake around 3:30 a.m., after five or six hours of sleep. Some days, however, I sleep later, until 7 a.m. or 8 a.m. I let my body dictate how much sleep I need, which happens to be far less sleep than just a few years ago. It is important, however, to get as much sleep as your body requires: operating on a deficit is unhealthy. Stress. We don’t get stressed, we do stressed. If I were to ask you what a stressed person looks like, you’d easily be able to mimic his or her physiology. Frowning, shallow breathing, muscle tensing, etc. Once you become aware of your stressed physiological state, you can change your physiologyâ€"the way you move your bodyâ€"to become unstressed. Nearly everyone feels stressed these days, but I am significantly less stressed than I’ve ever been, because I make an effort to be aware of my triggers and change my physical movements accordingly. When I feel overwhelmed, I’ll change my breathing pattern, I’ll take a walk, I’ll exercise, I’ll look in the mirror with a big grin, or I’ll make sure no one’s looking and I’ll jump up and down like a crazy personâ€"anything to get me out of that stressed state. (These techniques effectively combat depression, anger, and sadness, too.) Most important, after changing my diet and embracing a healthier lifestyle, I feel amazing. But Joshua, your diet sounds so boring and unentertaining! I don’t think so, but then again I no longer look at food as entertainment. Food is fuel, nothing more. I can still enjoy a great conversation over a healthy meal with friendsâ€"I simply don’t let the food be my source of entertainment. I enjoy the food I eat, but I enjoy the rest of my life, too. Does that mean my exact diet will also work for you? Maybe. But maybe not. There’s only one way to know for sure: test it out yourself. You can emulate my diet for ten days and see how it makes you feel, see what aspects work for you. Or try any one aspect for ten days: go without sugar or bread or processed foods, add green drink or fresh juice or daily exercise, and notice the changes. I’m certain you can do anything for ten days. See how those changes make you feel, and then adjust accordingly. Improving one’s health is the foundation of living a meaningful life: without your health, nothing else matters. I don’t care what you eat or how you exerciseâ€"I’m not looking to convert anyone to my way of eating. I don’t care whether you’re a vegetarian, a vegan, or a primal-paleo-whatever. None of these labels apply to my own dietary lifestyle, and arguing the particulars is silly anyway. What I do care about is how you feel: I want you to feel great so you can better enjoy your life. Read this essay and 150 others in our book, Essential. You May Also Enjoy How to Start a Successful Blog Today Learn how to start a blog in less than an hour. Follow the step-by-step instructions we used when starting our blog, which now has reached more than 20 million people. Creating this blog is one of the best decisions Ryan and I ever made. After all, our blog is how we earn a living. More important, it's how we add value to other people's lives. Read more 30-Day Minimalism Game Let's play a simple game together. We call it the 30-Day Minimalism Game. Find a friend, family member, or coworker who's willing to minimize their stuff with you next month. Read more 11 Ways to Write Better We are all writers now. Whether you write books, blog posts, emails, Instagram captions, or text messages, you are a writer. No matter your preferred medium, here are a few tips to help you write more effectively. Read more Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Yeshiva University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Yeshiva University is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 60%. The university has four undergraduate campuses across New York City: the Wilf Campus, the Beren Campus, the Brookdale Center, and the Resnick Campus. The college has a dual curriculum which includes both a secular and spiritual focus. Students study contemporary academic fields along with the ancient teachings of the Torah. Yeshiva has arrangements with many institutions in Israel to facilitate study abroad. In athletics, the Yeshiva Maccabees compete in NCAA Division III athletics. Considering applying to Yeshiva University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Yeshiva University had an acceptance rate of 60%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 60 students were admitted, making Yeshivas admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 1,508 Percent Admitted 60% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 59% SAT Scores and Requirements Yeshiva University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 45% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 580 700 Math 560 700 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Yeshivas admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Yeshiva scored between 580 and 700, while 25% scored below 580 and 25% scored above 700. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 560 and 700, while 25% scored below 560 and 25% scored above 700. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1400 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Yeshiva University. Requirements Yeshiva University does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Yeshiva does not provide information about the universitys superscore policy. However, the school suggests that most successful applicants have a minimum SAT composite score of 1180, with higher score requirements for some programs. ACT Scores and Requirements Yeshiva requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 52% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 23 33 Math 22 29 Composite 22 30 This admissions data tells us that most of Yeshivas admitted students fall within the top 36% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Yeshiva University received a composite ACT score between 22 and 30, while 25% scored above 30 and 25% scored below 22. Requirements Yeshiva University does not require the ACT writing section. Note that Yeshiva does not provide information about the universitys superscore policy. However, the school suggests that most successful applicants have a minimum ACT composite score of 24, with higher score requirements for some programs. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Yeshiva Universitys incoming class was 3.44, and over 56% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.5 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Yeshiva University have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Yeshiva University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Yeshiva University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Yeshiva University, which accepts just over half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. The majority of admitted students have above average grades and standardized test scores. However, Yeshiva also has a  holistic admissions  process and admissions decisions are based on much more than numbers. A strong  application essay  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. Yeshiva also requires that all applicants participate in an interview. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Yeshivas average range. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent students who were accepted to Yeshiva. Most had SAT scores (ERWM) of 1200 or higher, ACT composite scores of 24 or higher, and high school GPAs of a B or better. If You Like Yeshiva University, You May Also Like These Schools: Brandeis UniversityCornell UniversitySyracuse UniversityTufts UniversityUniversity of RochesterEmory UniversityStony Brook UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityBrown UniversityBoston UniversityUniversity of Chicago All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Yeshiva University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Benjamin Martin, A French And Indian War - 921 Words

Benjamin Martin is a French and Indian War veteran who now lives in his farm in South Carolina in 1777 with his 7 children. He receives an invitation to attend a Congress in Charleston where he refuses to cast a vote in favor of South Carolina joining the war. The Congress however votes to join the war against the British and his oldest son, Gabriel enlists in the Continental Army. Two years into the war, the farm s fields become a battlefield and Benjamin decides to treat the wounded, British and Continental Army soldiers, including his son Gabriel. When Colonel Tavington and his troupes arrive, he captures Gabriel in order to hang him for treason. His younger brother Thomas tries to intervene and is killed by Colonel Tavington who then set the property on fire and leaves with Gabriel. Benjamin devastated arms himself and his other two sons and successfully ambush the British soldiers to free Gabriel. He then becomes a mythical figure named â€Å" the Ghost† and the Continental Army put him in charge of a Militia. While Benjamin and his militia are in charge of preventing the British to go further North until the French troops arrive, his family are safe in Charleston with his late wife s sister, aside from Gabriel who fight in the militia along his father. As the militia led by â€Å"the Ghost† keeps ambushing British soldiers, Colonel Tavington is assigned but General Cornwallis the mission to stop them by all means necessary. He finds the location of the children in CharlestonShow MoreRelatedAshamed Of His Brutality During The French Indian War By Benjamin Martin1591 Words   |  7 PagesAshamed of his brutality during the French Indian War, Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson) a widower stays on his homestead with his seven children in South Carolina vowing to live a peaceful life. As one of the most crucial wars in the American History gets closer and closer to South Carolina, the state must decide whether to join or flee. Benjamin, who wants nothing to do with the war, argues against jo ining the fight with the most powerful country in the world, Britain. When it is decided that SouthRead MoreThe Patriot Movie Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesCarolina in 1776 during the Revolutionary War. It is a story about a widowed father of seven, named Benjamin Martin. Benjamin was involved in the French and Indian War before marrying and starting a family. He is reluctant to join the conflict as he remembers too well his own experience in the earlier French and Indian War. After his wife passed away he does everything to keep his family together and away from war. He is a patriot who wants no part in a war with Britain. Meanwhile, his two eldestRead MoreThe Patriot ( 2000 )1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patriot (2000) follows Benjamin Martin (Francis Marion) a widower with 7 children and veteran of the French and Indian war. He is reluctant to join the fight against the British until Colonel William Tavington (Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton) kills Benjamin’s son and burns down his house in South Carolina. Benjamin Martin leads his militia and attacks against the British with guerilla warfare until the climax battle, where he takes revenge for his son and kills Colonel William. What is wrongRead MoreMovie Review : The Patriot1220 Words   |  5 Pagescomedy or chick flick when it comes to movies. However, my husband is the exact opposite and loves a good history or war movie. It was his idea for me to watch The Patriot that was released in 2000 for my paper. After watching the movie, I was very impressed. I can honestly say that I thoroughly enjoyed it and learned a whole lot. 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Since birth, Benjamin Franklin was, without a doubt, a significant citizen who promoted education before theRead MoreEssay on The Patriot945 Words   |  4 Pagestogether, despite the Revolutionary War that had begun. Trying to keep his demons from reappearing, Benjamin Martin faces his fear of his past coming back to haunt him after serving in the French and Indian War. Martin is a South Carolina farmer who lost his wife, Elizabeth, and reluctantly signs up to join the Continental Army after his eldest son, Gabriel joined the regulars to fight against the British. After a battle began on Martin’s plantation, Benjamin helped wounded soldiers from both sidesRead More The Patriot Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesInstitute (Revolutionary War experts). Also too some amazement, the movie has very accurate weather details. One of the main things that isn’t accurate but was put in the movie to show significance, was the old flag that was ripped but Gabriel sowed it back toget her and at the end of the movie Benjamin Martin leads the militia with it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Theme is about freedom, but it is a different freedom then you are thinking of. It’s the freedom for Benjamin Martin trying to live hisRead More report on the movie the patriot Essay656 Words   |  3 PagesPatriot† is an excellent movie. It may very well be one of the most exciting and moving war-drama movies of all time. There are very few films today that even come close to touching upon the American Revolution, which is why â€Å"The Patriot† is of such importance. Nonetheless, during the film the actual American Revolution takes a back seat and allows the center of the story to revolve around Benjamin Martin (played by Mel Gibson) and his South Carolina family. Some examples of this would be

How Far the Press Should Be Free to Report Free Essays

Discuss how far the press should be free to report what they want There are obvious reasons for restrictions on the freedom of the press. Many of these are to do with the fact that clearly there are many stories which are damaging to individuals and will have a negative effect on the life of a person or group of people. The argument that is often put forward that it is in the public interest to know what is going on and that secrets should not be kept from the public is a valid one, but there has to be a line drawn between the public interest and what the public are interested in. We will write a custom essay sample on How Far the Press Should Be Free to Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now That line was not necessarily crossed in the publication of the photos of prince William, as it is not inconceivable that he might be the future king of England and therefore it can almost be seen as a warning of how it is and isn’t acceptable to behave for somebody in the public eye. Although there are occasions when the press report stories that they shouldn’t, it must be taken into account that newspapers organisations have to make money, and therefore they have to be able to write stories which will sell copies and, if they are not given that right, the general public could become bored by newspapers. The Sun’s dominance in the journalism world of Britain is all the evidence needed to prove that the public are not looking to be informed, but to be entertained, and the most entertaining stories are usually the sensational ones. Another reason why the press should not be restricted is that Britain is a democracy and so the people at the top of society should not have omnipotent powers over what can and cannot be reported to the public. If you look at the fascist dictatorships of the past, one of the greatest crimes has been the lack of freedom of speech and this is what oppresses people more than anything. I am not saying that this is a position which Britain is nearing, but we must bear in mind that one of the fundamental components of a democracy is the freedom of speech, and as such you cannot justify taking this right away from anybody, whether they are talking to a friend or writing it in a newspaper. How to cite How Far the Press Should Be Free to Report, Essay examples

Rap vs Classical free essay sample

Im going to share my personal speculations on rap music versus, classical music. Born In a family of Jehovah witnesses, I personally enjoy all types of music, rap being the only one I detest . In perspective classical music is much more soothing than rap can ever be. Rap tends to discredit and disfigure woman. Rap started in the late sasss. Rap to me Is a cluster of drug dealers, and hood rats rapping telling young kids there troubled child hood stories. Rappers use vulgar language, that many times offend woman with there Impure lyrics.Most of the time I ray to listen to rap I hear absurdities that force me to change the song or station. Classical music has been around since the 18th century. Classical music , traditionally perceived that only upper-class society has access to and appreciation classical music, or even that classical music represents the upper-class society. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap vs Classical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thats false. Day by day I listen to classical music. Im infatuated by classical music its calm and always alleviates what ever burden or hardship I have in mind. The difference is very noticeable in sound. The listeners and audience of the two hypes of music are very different as well. Classical music and rap music are also both viewed very differently in society. As you can see Im fascinated by classical music. Its elegant, admirable, and fascinating. You dont have to be the creme of society to listen to classical music. Rap music on the other hand Is unacceptable, unsatisfactory ,and atrocious music you dont learn anything from . Elf you listen to classical music often youll become Inspired, harmonious, and tranquil. Rap vs. Classical By Passaic Born in a family of Jehovah witnesses, I personally enjoy all types of music, rapRap started in the late sasss. Rap to me is a cluster of drug dealers, and hood rats language, that many times offend woman with there impure lyrics. Most of the time I classical music, or even that classical music represents the upper-class society, thats elegant, admirable, and fascinating. You dont have to be the cryme of society to classical music. Rap music on the other hand is unacceptable, unsatisfactory ,and atrocious music you dont learn anything from . Elf you listen to classical music often youll become inspired, harmonious, and tranquil.

For my Love free essay sample

You probably cannot read this, in that chances I will never ever hate you. Im probably writing this for myself u know for therapeutic reasons. I guess I just say this stuff to forget you for a while. Its September 1st today that means It would been a 4 years and 6 months anniversary and I always keep complaining that for last 15 momentary you never ever visit me and celebrate those days. I know you probably roll your eyes If you can read this. Im ware that It has been over a year since you left me, 1 year and 3 months and 16 days exactly. I think right now, I cant flash the process u know and I cant finally accept the fact that you will never coming back, ever. Im doing okay right Just making those day to day stuff reading books and sometimes watching T. V. Did you ever remember those memories when we are child, youre my childhood friend, crush and a lover. We will write a custom essay sample on For my Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wish we stayed forever young so till now your with me, living in simplicity ND were inseparable. I didnt even bother myself to watch movies in cinema, and mailing ever. I just remember the day that you left me alone, forever. I know its my fault, I keep blaming myself for what just happen to you. People always say, You can find someone else, there are plenty more fishes in the sea. You know what I feel like a freaking fish in a bucket. Nowadays, your quite far away with your new life and home.I wonder if you remember me sometimes. I wish you can talk to me and say some memories that you still remember, cause you know what Im not doing well.

Add. Maths Project Essay Example

Add. Maths Project Essay Example Add. Maths Project Essay Add. Maths Project Essay ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2011 GROUP MEMBERS: CONTENT PAGE |No. |Content |Page(s) | |1. |Introduction | | |2. |Definition | | |3. |History | | |4. |Part I | | |5. Part II | | |6. |Part III | | |7. |Further Exploration | | |8. |Reflection | | INTRODUCTION We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we are in Form Five. This year the Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest. This project can be done in groups or individually, but each of us are expected to submit an individually written report. I think the additional mathematics project work is a very good opportunity for us to test and enhance our thinking skills. We are given 6 weeks time frame to complete the assignment and I believe I have the luxury of time to think, think and think over the solutions to those questions. And the point of all of this is to learn new things and explore new horizons in mathematical fields. On this project I am working on, I hope to be able to make generalization about the volume and the weight of a cake for the occasion of Teachers Day celebration. Through the use of various mathematical methods like calculus, trial-and-improve method and graph, I am certainly and fairly to be able to achhieve my goal. I would like to point out that by using correct and suitable mathematical method and calculation, I sincerely wish that my project will be able to be implemented and achieve the desired results. Definition Pi, ? has the value of 3. 14159265. In Euclidean plane geometry, ? is defined as the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter. [pic] ? =[pic] The ratio [pic] is constant, regardless of a circles size. For example, if a circle has twice the diameter of another circle it will also have twice the circumference, C, preserving the ratio [pic]. Alternatively ? can also be defined as the ratio of a circles area (A) to the area of a square whose side is equal to the radius. [pic] ? =[pic] A BRIEF HISTORY AND FACTS ABOUT CAKES Cake is a form of food, typically a sweet, baked dessert. Cakes normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid (typically milk or water) and leavening agents (such as yeast or baking powder). Flavorful ingredients like fruit purees, nuts or extracts are often added, and numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible. Cakes are often filled with fruit preserves or dessert sauces (like pastry cream), iced with buttercream or other icings, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit. Cake is often the dessert of choice for meals at ceremonial occasions, particularly weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays. There are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some rich and elaborate and many are centuries old. Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labor went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified that even the most amateur cook may bake a cake. Cakes are broadly divided into several categories, based primarily on ingredients and cooking techniques. Yeast cakes are the oldest, and are very similar to yeast breads. Such cakes are often very traditional in form, and include such pastries as babka and stollen. Cheesecakes, despite their name, arent really cakes at all. Cheesecakes are in fact custard pies, with a filling made mostly of some form of cheese (often cream cheese, mascarpone, ricotta or the like), and have very little to no flour added, alt hough a flour-based crust may be used. Cheesecakes are also very old, with evidence of honey-sweetened cakes dating back to ancient Greece. Sponge cakes are thought to be the first of the non-yeast-based cakes and rely primarily on trapped air in a protein matrix (generally of beaten eggs) to provide leavening, sometimes with a bit of baking powder or other chemical leaven added as insurance. Such cakes include the Italian/Jewish pan di Spagna and the French Genoise. Highly decorated sponge cakes with lavish toppings are sometimes called gateau; the French word for cake. Butter cakes, including the pound cake and devils food cake, rely on the combination of butter, eggs, and sometimes baking powder to provide both lift and a moist texture. Type of cakes commonly found in Malaysia |Birthday cake |Span cake |Banana cake |Butter cake | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Lemon cake |Pound cake |Short cake |Orange cake | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Spice cake Carrot cake |Fish cake |Pancakes | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Sponge cake |Cheese cake |Layer cake |Cup cake | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings, birthday, celebration and etc. Cakes use mostly some form of cheese which is often cream cheese, or ricotta, and have very little to no flour component, although it sometimes appears in the form of a sweetened crust. he purpose behind cake decorating is to turn an ordinary cake into a spectacular piece of food art. Decorating a cake can be as complex or as simple as you wish. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Sponge cake is a cake based on flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, and eggs, sometimes leavened with baking powder, that derives its structure from an egg foam into which the other ingredients are folded. In addition to being eaten on its own, it lends itself to incorporation in a vast variety of recipes in which pre-made sponge cake serves as the base. The sponge cake is thought to be one of the first of the non-yeasted cakes. Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Answer: We can use the geometry method to determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs and to estimate volume of cake to be produced Other than that, calculus or specified as differentiation is used to determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking and cream needed for decorating and to estimate the minimum or maximum size of cake produced. Besides that, progressions is used to determine total weight and the volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking and total amount of cream for decoration. Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers’ Day celebration. Diagram 11) 1. If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800, and the height of the cake is to be 7. 0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use ? = 3. 142] Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3. 142)(r)? x 7 (3. 142) = r? 863. 872 = r? r = 29. 392 d = 2r = 2 x 29. 392 = 58. 784 cm 2) The c ake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80. 0 cm in length, 60. 0 cmin width and 45. 0 cm in height. ) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights,h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used,d cm. Tabulate your answers Answer: First, form the formula for  d  in terms of  h  by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000, that is: 19000 = (3. 142)(r)? h 19000/3. 142h = d2/4 24188. 145/h= d2/4 d = 155. 53/ h |Height,h (cm) |Diameter,d(cm) | |1. |155. 53 | |2. 0 |109. 98 | |3. 0 |89. 80 | |4. 0 |77. 77 | |5. |68. 56 | |6. 0 |63. 49 | |7. 0 |58. 78 | |8. 0 |54. 99 | |9. |51. 84 | |10. 0 |49. 18 | (b) Based on the values in your table, (i) State the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Answer: The range   h ; 7cm is not suitable to make the cake because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive and hardly to handle. (ii) Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer. Answer: The cake with the dimension h=7cm and d=54. 99cm. It is because the cake is fit to put into the oven, and the size is easier to handle. (c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software. ] Answer: 19000 = (3. 142)x r? h 19000/3. 142h= d2/4 24188. 145/h=d2/4 d=155. 53h-1/2 log10d=-1/2 log10h + log10155. 53 19000 / (3. 142)h = |Log10 h |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 | |Log10 d |2. 19 |1. 69 |1. 19 |0. 69 |0. 19 | (ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of  the cake is 10. 5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of  the round cake pan required. Answer: h = 10. 5cm, log h = 1. 21, log d = 1. 680,à ‚  d = 47. 86cm (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Answer: d = 42cm, log d = 1. 623, log h = 1. 140,  h = 13. 80cm 3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54. 99cm Volume of cake before decoration = (3. 142) x (54. 99/2)2 x 8 = 19002. 18 cm3 New volume of cake after decoration = (3. 142) x (54. 99/2 +1)2 x 9 = 3. 142 x 28. 4922 x9 = 22960. 75 Therefore, amount of fresh cream= 22960. 75 – 19002. 18 = 3958. 57 cm3 (b) Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. Answer: Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid) 19002 = base area x height base area = 19002 / height length x width = 2375. 25 By trial and improvement,  2375. 25 = 50 x 47. 505 (length = 50, width = 47. 505, height = 8) Therefore, the amount of cream needed 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47. 505)(1) + 2375. 25 =  3935. 33 cm Pentagon-shaped base 19002 = base area x height base area = 2375. 25 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375. 25 = 5(length x width) 475. 05 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475. 05 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, the amount of cream needed = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8 x 19) + 2375. 25 =  3135. 5 cm? Square-based shape 19002 = side2 x height Side2 =2375. 25 Side = 48. 74 (width=48. 74cm, length=48. 74cm, height=8cm) Therefore, the amount of cream needed = vol of top surface + 4(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) = 2375. 25 + (4 x 8 x 48. 75 x 1 ) = 3935. 25 cm3 (c) Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Answer: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm? of cream to be used. Part III Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. Answer: Method 1: Differentiation Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a). 19000 = (3. 142)r? h > (1) V = (3. 142)r? + 2(3. 142)rh > (2) From (1): h = > (3) Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3. 142)r? + 2(3. 142)r() V = (3. 142)r? + () V = (3. 142)r? + 38000r-1 () = 2(3. 142)r – () 0 = 2(3. 142)r – () minimum value, therefore = 0 2(3. 142)r = r? 6047. 104 = r? r = 18. 22 Sub. r = 18. 22 into (3): h = h = 18. 22 therefore,  h = 18. 22cm, d = 2r = 2(18. 22) = 36. 44cm Method 2: Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3. 142)r? h > (1) f(r) = (3. 142)r? + 2(3. 142)hr > (2) From (2): f(r) = (3. 142)(r? + 2hr) factorize (3. 142) = (3. 142)[ (r + )? – ()? ] completing square, with a = (3. 142), b = 2h and c = 0 = (3. 42)[ (r + h)? – h? ] = (3. 142)(r + h)? – (3. 142)h? (a = (3. 142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = –(3. 142)h? , corresponding value of x = r = h) Sub. r = h into (1): 19000 = (3. 142)(h)? h h? = 6047. 104 h = 18. 22 Sub. h = 18. 22 into (1): 19000 = (3. 142)r? (18. 22) r? = 331. 894 r = 18. 22 therefore,  h = 18. 22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18. 22) = 36. 44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle. FURTHER EXPLORATION Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. [pic] The height of each cake is 6. 0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31. 0 cm. The radius of  the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. (a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. Answer: eight, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd  cake = 10% smaller than 1st  cake =27. 9 radius of 3rd  cake = 10% smaller than 2nd  cake = 25. 11 Radius of 4th cake= 10% smaller than 3rd cake =25. 599 a = 31, r = V = (3. 142)r? h Radius of 1st  cake = 31, Volume of 1st  cake = (3. 142)(31)? (6) =  18116. 772 Radius of 2nd  cake = 27. 9, Volume of 2nd  cake =   14674. 585 Radius of 3rd  cake = 25. 11, Volume of 3rd  cake =  11886. 414 Radius of 4th  cake = 22. 599, Volume of 4th  cake =  9627. 995 The progression is as following: 18116. 772, 14674. 585, 11886. 414, 9627. 95, †¦ a = 18116. 772, common ratio, r = T2/T1  = T3  /T2  = †¦ = 0. 81 Thus, it is a geometric progression with the first term, a = 18116. 772 and the common ratio, r= 0. 81. (b)  If  the  total mass  of all  the  cakes  should not  exceed  15  kg,  calculate the  maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. Answer: The volume of 1kg of cake = 3800 Thus, the volume of 15kg of cake = 3800 x 15 =57000 Sn ; 57000 a (1-rn) / 1-r ;57000 18116. 772 ( 1-0. 81n) / 1. 0. 81 ; 57000 18116. 772 (1-0. 81n) ; 10830 1-0. 81n ; 0. 5978 0. 81n ; 0. 4022 log100. 81 ; log10 0. 4022 n ; 4. 322 therefore,  n  =  4 REFLECTION In the making of this project, I have spent countless hou rs doing this project. I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I can’t fulfill my big dreams and wishes†¦. I used to hate Additional Mathematics†¦ It always makes me wonder why this subject is so difficult†¦ I always tried to love every part of it†¦ It always an absolute obstacle for me†¦ Throughout day and night†¦ I sacrificed my precious time to have fun†¦ From now on, I will do my best on every second that I will learn Additional Mathematics.

Distinguishing Any Parallels and Variations within The Texts, Discuss Essay

Distinguishing Any Parallels and Variations within The Texts, Discuss To What Extent Female Power Could Be Said To Exist In The Colour Purple [Alice Walker] A - Essay Example Still, it is immediately difficult from Celie’s â€Å"Dear God,† letters to discern the exact date, but the post slavery setting is obvious by the ownership of property; and that the only â€Å"enslavement† that is apparent is the enslavement of black women, especially very young black women, to black men (Walker, pp. 11-15). Celie, her mother, her sister Nettie, and the other women introduced into Walker’s story seem not to be aware of a lifestyle where they had a choice other that of being subservient to men. Nor do they have any control over the use of bodies by the men in the lives (p16-18). Walker’s protagonist, Celie, begins experiencing the subservient demands and physical demands made by men in their society at the time; she has no choice, she is physically used and abused, although Walker does convey the idea that Celie may have been somewhat prepared for her role even if only by observing her mother’s condition of subservience and as a witness to the physical abuse her mother suffered. That Celie’s first physical experience was at the hands of the man she believed to be her father, worried Celie only to the extent that it caused a crack in the relationship between herself and her mother. Still, Celie sees the man, Albert, who comes to the family initially to negotiate for Celie’s sister, Nettie, as an escape; knowing that she will continue in a subservient role in Albert’s household (Walker, pp. 16-18). At this point, the themes of mental and physical enslavement are evident, even in the post Civil War setting. In Atwood’s story of The Handmaid’s Tale, it’s as though time has moved backward, away from the contemporary life and lifestyle that the young protagonist can still recall in the quiet moments she finds for herself (Walker, pp. 3-4). We do, however, quickly become aware that a â€Å"war† is going on (Atwood, p. 19)She, like Celie, has been relegated to a life of subservience to the male authority, left with no choice

Online issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online issue - Essay Example sing with the advancement in technology and the most common today affect money transactions, social websites, corporate security and personal privacy. When it comes to conducting money transactions online the main challenge is based on password management where the passwords that most people put in place are likely to be broken or hacked easy. However, this is not only an educational challenge but also an administrative one since the company under which a person is doing their transaction should be able to counter this (Bortz, 1). The common issue is that when the transaction is being conducted there is no sure way to determine if it is really that person doing it; additionally, with current authentication standards, often people take on faith that theyre being contacted by the "real" sender the message claims. Concurrently, with social websites becoming more popular day after day, the chances and issues of insecurity continue to pile up too in terms of information and privacy concerns all over the world. Malevolent people have been attracted by the tome and easy access of user’s personal information available on social networking sites; surprisingly, the same technologies that attract users to participate also make the sites prone to infectious malware that can shut down an organizations networks or even steal credentials (Pelgrin 1). Common risks on social websites include phishing, spoofing and web application attacks that attempt to steal a person’s identity; the attacks are often successful due to the assumption of being in a trusting environment social networks create and the more information a person posts, the more information becomes available for a potential compromise by those with malicious intentions. It’s very advantageous conducting business online since it offers entrepreneurs a variety of recompenses and to be more convenient than other methods; despite the advantages, however, there are also some problems that can arise when doing

Discussing The Problems Of Online Shopping Information Technology Essay

Discussing The Problems Of Online Shopping Information Technology Essay The aim of this literature review is to critically analyze the various problems/solutions of online shopping system, and benefits of online shopping system in Nigeria. Introduction In Nigeria, different business and market transactions are being practice face to face ie buying and selling of different goods and services are been done in the market. Implementations of online shopping practices has been difficult and associated with a lot of problems such as user privacy , insecurity and trust has made it not visible for such to be implemented. The internet as a global network which allows people to communicate, perform business transactions, send, store and receive information.The internet has become an improtant process to everyday life and different people from different countries use the internet in order to carryout their effective skills in their different professions and for income making. Looking at online shopping as the case study, today online shopping is becoming popular to people/client and consumer as another channel and fast means of making business transactions and customer satisfaction. According to (bbc) statistics, showed in december 2008 have reviewed the statistis of 50% rise in 2008 christmas online shopping, however (www.nma.co.uk) in febuary 2010 recorded the sales of 4.1billion pounds for online retailers and a rise of 13% in febuary 2010. problems of online shopping Belanger, F (2002) identified privacy, security and trustworthiness as a major factor that prevent people from shopping online. it is important to understand this factors that might prevent customer or users from shopping online and some of this factors include; privacy: privacy which is a most important problem that stops people from shopping online or using the internet above the problem of cost and convienence giving. It is the will of the customer to share information online for purchase, However it is clear that customers concern with privacy of information is having effect on shopping online and therefore to resolve this problem, privacy potentials need to be further addressed (Belanger. F, p 4). In 2000, pew internet and American life reported that 66% of users proposed that online tracking should be barred and 81% supported for rules to be implemented in online information systems and in 2002 National Consumers League survey, respondents ranked personal privacy above health care, education, crime and taxes as concerns to users (Paul, 2001) as cited by Belanger. F (2002) . Privacy issues on the Internet include spam, usage tracking and data collection, choice, and the sharing of information with third parties. These areas of fear are found in the taxonomy described by Huaiqing, W (1998), are reflected in the Federal Trade Commissions standard for privacy on the Internet. The FTC identifies notice, choice, access and security as elements of a pleasing privacy policy. Customers guarantee that the information shared will be subjected to personally outlined limits is the essence of privacy on the Internet. Therefore, for this research the definition of privacy that is adopted is the ability to manage information about oneself. Security: Security threat has been defined as condition, state, or event which is possible to cause economic adversities to data or network resources in the form of destruction, exposure, change of data, denial of service, fraud, waste, and abuse (Kalakota and Whinston, 1996). Security, then, is the protection against these threats. Under this definition, threats can be made either through network and data transaction attacks, or through unauthorized access by means of false or defective authentications. This definition must be tailored in order to be relevant to customer transactions to acknowledge that customers information has value. For customers, it must be recognized that economic hardship include damages to privacy that is loss of information as well as theft, for example, credit information and authentication issues for customers will be reversed. This definition explains the security threats from a customers point of view. Security in online shopping is reflected in the technologies u sed to protect and secure customer data. However Security concerns of customers may be addressed by many of the same technology protections as those of businesses, such as encryption and authentication. Our description of privacy and security is similar to the distinction that Hoffman .L (1999) use in identifying environmental control as separate from control over secondary use of information, described above. Environmental control refers to customers concerns with sharing information online due to expectations of threats to online security, including fear of hackers and identity theft. Trustworthiness: For People to make important buying and selling decisions is based on their level of trust in the product, salesperson, and the company (Hosmer, 1995). Similarly, online shopping decisions involve trust not simply between the shop merchant and the customer but also between the customer and the computer system through which transactions are executed (Lee and Turban, 2001). Although many studies have identified the critical role of customers trust in online shopping, two critical issues have hampered empirical investigations of the impact of customers trust on on-line shopping activities. The first issue is focused on the lack of agreement about the definition of online customer trust (Lee and Turban, 2001). Although most of these definitions capture the notion of risk taking, many are merely operationally taken from the traditional shopping literature and applied to the online context. More importantly, few of these definitions specify the on-line trust equivalent for example, Moorman (1993, p. 82) . Defines customer trust as a willingness to rely on an exchange associate in whom one has confidence. This definition suggests that trust reflects a continuum of readiness that is readiness to engage in a relationship with the other party, such as a salesperson (Crosby, 1990) . Rather than focusing on trust in individuals, this study focuses on the electronic organization as well as its site as the exchange party. The second issue hinder richer examinations of online customer trust as the lack of experimental notice given to one critical precursor of customer. (Lee and Turban, 2001) Several researchers have identified three main elements of trustworthiness: ability, kindness, and integrity (Mayer, 1995; Lee and Turban, 2001). According to (Mayer,1995; Lee and Turban, 2001), the ability of a merchant is reflected in its ability to handle sales dealings and the expertise to generally conduct business online. In contrast, perceived integrity is evidence of the marketers honesty and sincerity. Finally, kindness was defined as the extent to which the trusting party believes that the trusted party wants to do good things rather than just maximize profit. In contrast to the other two transaction focused magnitude, kindness reflects perceptions of the marketers willingness to engage in flexible or humanitarian commitment to its customers. A similar dimensional distinction can be found in the corporate social responsibility literature (Carroll, 1979; Smith., 2001) cited by Belanger. F (2002) . Additional insights from this literature also indicate that a firms economic responsibilities that is to make a profit and its flexible responsibilities are often negatively correlated (Ibrahim, 1997) cited by Belanger. F (2002). These findings suggest that customers expect marketers to be have high ability primarily focus on maximizing profits often at the cost of being kind. Solutions Technology solutions Winnie, C and John,P (2002, P 7) suggested that the advance of technology could be used as a solution for privacy protection and described two examples of this technologies. Firstly one established standard is called Platform for Privacy Preference. The privacy preference system works through web browsers to automatically alert users to what information is being collected online. The aim of privacy preference system is to have a common privacy language and standard on the internet that provides a rich language for services to express their information practices and for users to express their privacy preferences. Users will be warned and have an alternative to leave if the site is gathering information for shopping purposes also they can choose to give their private information only to sites that will not use it for shopping. Thus, privacy preference system technology helps users make informed decisions about when to release their data. Secondly is the anonymizer which ensures users surfing the web anonymously, will hide their surfing history when users are browsing the web. It will not stop cookies, but it will allow users to surf the Internet while withholding their IP addresses and other information about them. This ensures that the identity of the users will not be identified. Recently, a new privacy enhancing cookie management feature has been released for Internet Explorer with this version, users will be asked and prompted in detail before letting a cookie enter into the system. A description of all cookies and their purpose will be given plus a clear distinction between first and third party ones. A default setting will alert the user when a persistent third party cookie is being served or read on the users system. It is argued that technical solutions cannot solve the privacy concerns permanently. Although the advance of technology is able to solve the privacy concerns at the moment, it will not work in the near future. Web sites can also utilise advances of technology to obtain personal information as the technology evolves. Thus, just using technological solutions is not reliable in terms of privacy concerns. Combination solutions Winnie, C and John,P (2002, P 7) also believed that using a combination solution is possible to achieve privacy protection in a globally consistent manner. The combination of legislation, self regulation and technical solutions may provide synergy that is more effective than a single solution. Users must be assured that when they release their data, services will use it only as they have promised. Legislation and self-regulatory regime can help in providing such assurances. While self-regulation and privacy enhancing technologies are welcome developments in order to enhance privacy protection, they might not be sufficient by themselves and they could be accompanied by legislation. Security solution IBM (2005) stated that there are three main concept of security: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality which only permit authorized parties to read protected information and also talked about three types of security categories: 1. Authentication: confirm who you are. It requires that you are the only one authorized to logon to the shopping system. 2. Authorization: This allows only the user to manipulate his resources In Specific ways. 3. Encryption: Deals with information hiding which prevent unauthorised User from accessing customer information. conclusions The growth of online shopping system is non-stoppable. Yet, online users spending only accounts for about 1.7% of overall revenues. The privacy, security and trust concerns are posing a barrier to the Development of online shopping in Nigeria. It is an issue that online Shopping system cannot afford to ignore because privacy, security and trust concerns are blocking online sales. And the key is that Companies doing online sales need to manage and meet their customers expectations where privacy, security and trust is concerned. A web site with a privacy, security and trust statement tells customers that their privacy right is being considered. It would not be good for the shopping system if a client finds that something unexpected has happened to their information, perhaps an unexpected access from unauthorised users. Shopping business open about their practice and abiding by their privacy and security statements will win both customers confidence and custom to shop online. For online shopping to succeed in Nigeria, online shopping must build trust with millions of consumers. Respecting consumers privacy and security is necessary in order to boost the growth of electronic commerce. Therefore it is believed that global consistency on Internet privacy and protection is important to boost the growth of shopping online.

Plato’s Forms

Eric Morin 103317083 01-26-285 Professor L. Buj Jan 16, 2011 Plato’s Criticism On Deceptive Forms Plato’s critique of art operates on two levels, the ontological and the moral. Both levels are interpreted within disdain taste as Plato proposes that the banishment of art could actually bring fourth a closer connection between humanity and truth. His argument against the existence of art as well as its functioning purposes will be further discussed in this paper. Plato’s ontological view on the existence of art looks deep within the nature as well as its overall properties rather bitterly.Plato’s attack on art does not merely constitute visual art, but rather holds a more expansive scope reaching into literature and especially poetry. For Plato, art is accountable for multiple negative influences, which affect all audiences who try to interpret it. These influences are what Plato believes hinders humanity towards aspiring truth. Art for Plato receives negati ve attention at the moment of creation. Plato believes that the thoughts processed by the creator and/or artist are far from original and are alternatively imitations of the real world hich are themselves distant from the ideal Forms. These ideal Forms consist of the ultimate paradigms in our universe containing truth and 2 absolute wholeness, thus proposing a problem for Plato. These copies of copies are referred to as mimesis. During the grandeur search of truth, mimesis serves the audience deceit and alarmingly leads them farther from the ideal Forms. As mentioned in the text, â€Å"Because mimesis presents us with an inferior copy of a copy, poetry takes its listeners away from rather than toward the ideal Forms† (Leitch 43).The hypocrisy surrounding literature proves to be troublesome for Plato on a multitude of levels. In the search for completeness, art not only fails to provide insight toward truth but rather, is actually lying to you. This mimetic stance held within the nature of art is believed to be nothing more than fabrication. Plato maintains his argument by stating that as the audience is deceptively reeled into a degraded mind state, truth is less obtainable. Introduced in the text, â€Å"Because [Literature] stories are fictional, made up, literature is dangerous; it roduces only lies† (43). Plato not only bashes art on an ontological level, but also finds problems morally. During deception and degradation through imitation within text, Plato analyzes the problems art has within its nature and relates that to the morality of audience. He argues that if art is further removing oneself from the truth, than it cannot be in the best interest of man. Thus, banishment of art would be the only way to restore deception and appease humanity. 3 Plato begins by focusing on the dangerous elements of art and its affect on young minds.His argument states, â€Å"Now, do you appreciate that the most important stage of any enterprise is the begi nning, especially when something young and sensitive is involved? † (46). In this part of the text, Plato is trying to explain that not only is the young mind fragile enough to easily fall into this created trap of deceit, but also that ruining the quest for truth at a young age brings upon negative consequences for all of humanity. Argued furthermore, â€Å"No young person is to hear stories which suggest that were he to commit the vilest of crimes †¦ he wouldn’t be doing anything out of the rdinary, but would simply be behaving like the first and greatest gods† (47). Here Plato is arguing that the falsehood within stories can fantasize young minds into ultimately developing enhanced personas, which escalates into degradation of truth in reality. Plato further extends his argument on art and morality into the minds of all humans. Since art is of a deceitful nature according to Plato, it cannot undertone any good found within the text but is instead consider ed the primary fault within literature. Thus, the deception in which the audience resorts to is ultimately proposed as egative and unneeded. Different from a beneficial spoken lie, Plato states about literature, â€Å"All I’m saying is that no one is happy at being 4 lied to and deceived in his mind about the facts† (51). One of Plato’s biggest moral issues with art explores the depiction of human kind in literature. He believes that in order to truly display characteristics of a character we are not only mending the emotions and feelings to suit the text itself but for our own personal capacity. This sort of mutilation of character not only revives the notion of eception within literature but again bringing treason to our own reality. By distorting the character, we would be digging through created deceit as well as misinterpreting the true meaning of what was intended. Plato not only rejects our created distortion, but also feels as though the author creates t his misinterpretation in a deceptive way. As Plato addresses, â€Å"What we’d claim, I imagine, is that poets and prose-writers misrepresent people in extremely important ways† (58). A real life example of artwork that could be examined and placed under Plato’s critical thinking rests in Versailles.There, artist Jeff Koons has created a replica of an inflatable lobster that hangs down from the ceiling for all to see. The lobster seems to be created as though it is soft to touch and friendly to the eyes. Already our senses have been deceived. As Plato would primarily analyze the creationist, we find that Jeff 5 Koons has not only produced a copy of a copy, but adds double the mimetic stages. Plato would argue that Jeff’s original thought has come from an ideal Form, followed by his initial drawing, then an addition of computer enhancement, and lastly interpreted and actually reated by fellow minds in his workshop. This notion sets the idea that Jeff is rat her far from being the creationist, which is deceptive to audience in itself. Plato’s ontological stance would prove testy and unacceptable, as mimetic deceit is thoroughly prevalent within the whole of this piece. Plato would then examine the piece of art and relate it to morality. As this specific piece hangs down appearing soft and inflatable, it as well is deceitful in itself. Made out of metal, the lobster looms above the heads of audiences worldwide. Confusing to our senses, he would isapprove the artworks influence and be especially concerned for child observers. Plato would believe that not only is the nature of this piece deceptive, but our outtake of what we have witnessed would follow suit. In all of this deception, Plato would argue that artwork does indeed lead humanity farther from the truth and most importantly from primary ideal Forms, thus resulting in banishment being the primal response. 6 Works Cited Leitch, Vincent B. , ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism. New York, NY: Norton, 2010. Print.

The Behavior Of Human Being Health And Social Care Essay

Methodology is a subject ; study the behaviour of human being in assorted societal scene. Harmonizing to Merton ( 1957 ) methodological analysis is the logic of scientific process. The research is a systematic method of detecting new facts for verifying old facts, their sequence, interrelatedness, insouciant account and natural Torahs that govern them. The scientific methodological analysis is a system of explicit regulations and processs upon which research is based and against which the claim for cognition are evaluated. This subdivision of the survey edifying the description of the survey country, definitions of stuff used methods to accomplish the aims and indispensable parts of the present survey.3.1 Data Collection:The information is collected by carry oning a study so that those factors can be considered which were non available in the infirmary record and were most of import as the hazard factors of hepatitis. The study was conducted in the liver Centre of the DHQ infirmary Faisalabad during the months of February and March 2009. A questionnaire was made for the intent of study and all possible hazard factors were added in it. During the two months the figure of patients that were interviewed was 262. The factors studied in this study are Age, Gender, Education, Marital Status, Area, Hepatitis Type, Profession, Jaundice History, History of Blood Transfusion, History of Surgery, Family History, Smoking, and Diabetes. Most of the factors in this information set are binary and some have more than two classs. Hepatitis type is response variable which has three classs.3.2 Restrictions of Datas:In the outline it was decided to take a complete study on the five types of hepatitis but during the study it was known that hepatitis A is non a unsafe disease and the patients of this disease are non admitted in the infirmary. In this disease patients can be all right after 1 or 2 cheque ups and largely patients do n't cognize that they have this disease and with the transition of clip their disease finished without any side consequence. On the other manus, hepatitis D and E are really rare and really unsafe diseases. HDV can hold growing in the presence of HBV. The patient, who has hepatitis B , can hold hepatitis D but non the other than that. These are really rare instances. During my two months study non a individual patient of hepatitis A, D and E was found. Largely people are enduring from the hepatitis B and C. So now the dependant variable has three classs. Therefore polynomial logistic arrested development theoretical account with a dependant variable holding three classs is made.3.3 Statistical Variables:The word variable is used in statistically oriented literature to bespeak a characteristic or a belongings that is possible to mensurate. When the research worker measures something, he makes a numerical theoretical account of the phenomenon being measured. Measurements of a variable addition their significance from the fact that there exists a alone correspondence between the assigned Numberss and the degrees of the belongings being measured. In the finding of the appropriate statistical analysis for a given set of informations, it is utile to sort variables by type. One method for sorting variables is by the grade of edification evident in the manner they are measured. For illustration, a research worker can mensurate tallness of people harmonizing to whether the top of their caput exceeds a grade on the wall: if yes, they are tall ; and if no, they are short. On the other manus, the research worker can besides mensurate tallness in centimetres or inches. The ulterior technique is a more sophisticated manner of mensurating tallness. As a scientific subject progresss, measurings of the variables with which it deals become more sophisticated. Assorted efforts have been made to formalise variable categorization. A normally recognized system is proposed by Stevens ( 1951 ) . In this system measurings are classified as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio graduated tables. In deducing his categorization, Stevens characterized each of the four types by a transmutation that would non alter a measurings categorization.Table 3.1 Steven ‘s Measurement SystemType of Measurement Basic empirical operation Examples Nominal Determination of equality of classs. Religion, Race, Eye colour, Gender, etc. Ordinal Determination of greater than or less than ( ranking ) . Rating of pupils, Ranking of the BP as low, medium, high etc. Time interval Determination of equality of differences between degrees. Temperature etc. Ratio Determination of equality of ratios of degrees. Height, Weight, etc. Variable of the survey are of categorical in nature and holding nominal and ordinal type of measuring.3.4 Variables of Analysis:Since the chief focal point of this survey is on the association of different hazard factors with the presence of HBV and HCV. Therefore, the person in the informations were loosely classified into three groups. This categorization is based on whether an person is a bearer of HBV, HCV or None of these. Following table explains this categorization.Table 3.2 Categorization of PersonsNo.SampleHepatitisPercentageI 100 No 38.2 Two 19 HBV 7.3 Three 143 HCV 54.6 Entire 262— –1003.4.1 Categorization of Predictor Variables:Nominal type variables and cryptography is: Sexual activity Male: 1 Female: 2 Area Urban: 1 Rural: 2 Marital Status Single: 1 Married: 2 Hepatitis Type No: 1 B: 2 C: 3 Profession: No:1 Farmer:2 Factory:3 Govt. :4 5: Shop Keeper Jaundice Yes: 1 No: 2 History Blood Transfusion Yes: 1 No: 2 History Surgery Yes: 1 No 2 Family History Yes: 1 No: 2 Smoking Yes: 1 No: 2 Diabetess Yes: 1 No: 2 Ordinal type variable and cryptography is: Age 11 to 20: 1 21 to 30: 2 31 to 40: 3 41 to 50: 4 51 to 60: 5 Education: Primary: 1 Middle: 2 Metric: 3 Fas: 4 BA: 5 University: 63.5 Statistical Analysis:The appropriate statistical analysis techniques to accomplish the aims of the survey include frequence distribution, per centums and eventuality tabular arraies among the of import variables. In multivariate analysis, comparing of Logistic Regression and Classification trees is made. The statistical bundle SPSS was used for the intent of analysis.3.6 Logistic Arrested development:Logistic arrested development is portion of statistical theoretical accounts called generalised additive theoretical accounts. This broad category of theoretical accounts includes ordinary arrested development and analysis of discrepancy, every bit good as multivariate statistics such as analysis of covariance and Loglinear arrested development. A enormous intervention of generalised additive theoretical accounts is presented in Agresti ( 1996 ) . Logistic arrested development analysis surveies the relationship between a categorical response variable and a set of independent ( explanatory ) variables. The name logistic arrested development is frequently used when the dependant variable has merely two values. The name multiple-group logistic arrested development ( MGLR ) is normally reserved for the instance when the response variable has more than two alone values. Multiple-group logistic arrested development is sometimes called polynomial logistic arrested development, polytomous logistic arrested development, polychotomous logistic arrested development, or nominal logistic arrested development. Although the information construction is different from that of multiple arrested developments, the practical usage of the process is similar. Logistic arrested development competes with discriminant analysis as a method for analysing distinct dependent variables. In fact, the current esthesis among many statisticians is that logistic arrested development is more adaptable and superior for most state of affairss than is discriminant analysis because logistic arrested development does non presume that the explanatory variables are usually distributed while discriminant analysis does. Discriminant analysis can be used merely in instance of uninterrupted explanatory variables. Therefore, in cases where the forecaster variables are categorical, or a mixture of uninterrupted and categorical variables, logistic arrested development is preferred. Provided logistic arrested development theoretical account does non affect determination trees and is more similar to nonlinear arrested development such as suiting a multinomial to a set of informations values.3.6.1 The Logit and Logistic Transformations:In multiple arrested development, a mathematical theoretical account of a set of explanatory variables is used to foretell the mean of the dependant variable. In logistic arrested development, a mathematical theoretical account of a set of explanatory variable is used to foretell a transmutation of the dependant variable. This is logit transmutation. Suppose the numerical values of 0 and 1 are assigned to the two classs of a binary variable. Often, 0 represents a negative response and a 1 represents a positive response. The mean of this variable will be the proportion of positive responses. Because of this, we might seek to pattern the relationship between the chance ( proportion ) of a positive response and explanatory variable. If P is the proportion of observations with a response of 1, so 1-p is the chance of a response of 0. The ratio p/ ( 1-p ) is called the odds and the logit is the logarithm of the odds, or merely log odds. Mathematically, the logit transmutation is written as The following tabular array shows the logit for assorted values of P.Table 3.3 Logit for Various Values of PPhosphorusLogit ( P )PhosphorusLogit ( P )0.001 -6.907 0.999 6.907 0.010 -4.595 0.990 4.595 0.05 -2.944 0.950 2.944 0.100 -2.197 0.900 2.197 0.200 -1.386 0.800 1.386 0.300 -0.847 0.700 0.847 0.400 -0.405 0.600 0.405 0.500 0.000— —— —Note that while P ranges between zero and one, the logit scopes between subtraction and plus eternity. Besides note that the nothing logit occurs when P is 0.50. The logistic transmutation is the opposite of the logit transmutation. It is written as3.6.2 The Log Odds Transformation:The difference between two log odds can be used to compare two proportions, such as that of males versus females. Mathematically, this difference is written This difference is frequently referred to as the log odds ratio. The odds ratio is frequently used to compare proportions across groups. Note that the logistic transmutation is closely related to the odds ratio. The contrary relationship is3.7 The Multinomial Logistic Regression and Logit Model:In multiple-group logistic arrested development, a distinct dependant variable Y holding G alone values is a regressed on a set of p independent variables. Y represents a manner of partitioning the population of involvement. For illustration, Y may be presence or absence of a disease, status after surgery, a matrimonial position. Since the names of these dividers are arbitrary, refer to them by back-to-back Numberss. Y will take on the values 1, 2, aˆÂ ¦ , G. Let The logistic arrested development theoretical account is given by the G equations Here, is the chance that an single with values is in group g. That is, Normally ( that is, an intercept is included ) , but this is non necessary. The quantities represent the anterior chances of group rank. If these anterior chances are assumed equal, so the term becomes zero and drops out. If the priors are non assumed equal, they change the values of the intercepts in the logistic arrested development equation. The arrested development coefficients for the mention group set to zero. The pick of the mention group is arbitrary. Normally, it is the largest group or a control group to which the other groups are to be compared. This leaves G-1 logistic arrested development equations in the polynomial logistic arrested development theoretical account. are population arrested development coefficients that are to be estimated from the informations. Their estimations are represented by B ‘s. The represents the unknown parametric quantities, while the B ‘s are their estimations. These equations are additive in the logits of p. However, in footings of the chances, they are nonlinear. The corresponding nonlinear equations are Since =1 because all of its arrested development coefficients are zero. Frequently, all of these theoretical accounts referred to as logistic arrested development theoretical accounts. However, when the independent variables are coded as ANOVA type theoretical accounts, they are sometimes called logit theoretical accounts. can be interpreted as that This shows that the concluding value is the merchandise of its single footings.3.7.1 Solving the Likelihood Equation:To better notation, allow The likeliness for a sample of N observations is so given by where is one if the observation is in group g and zero otherwise. Using the fact that =1, the likeliness, L, is given by Maximal likeliness estimations of are found by happening those values that maximize this log likeliness equation. This is accomplished by ciphering the partial derived functions and so equates them to zero. The ensuing likeliness equations are For g = 1, 2, aˆÂ ¦ , G and k = 1, 2, aˆÂ ¦ , p. Actually, since all coefficients are zero for g=1, the scope of g is from 2 to G. Because of the nonlinear nature of the parametric quantities, there is no closed-form solution to these equations and they must be solved iteratively. The Newton-Raphson method as described in Albert and Harris ( 1987 ) is used to work out these equations. This method makes usage of the information matrix, , which is formed from the 2nd partial derived function. The elements of the information matrix are given by The information matrix is used because the asymptotic covariance matrix is equal to the opposite of the information matrix, i.e. This covariance matrix is used in the computation of assurance intervals for the arrested development coefficients, odds ratios, and predicted chances.3.7.2 Interpretation of Regression Coefficients:The reading of the estimated arrested development coefficients is non easy as compared to that in multiple arrested development. In polynomial logistic arrested development, non merely is the relationship between X and Y nonlinear, but besides, if the dependant variable has more than two alone values, there are several arrested development equations. See the simple instance of a binary response variable, Y, and one explanatory variable, X. Assume that Y is coded so it takes on the values 0 and 1. In this instance, the logistic arrested development equation is Now consider impact of a unit addition in X. The logistic arrested development equation becomes We can insulate the incline by taking the difference between these two equations. We have That is, is the log of the odds at X+1 and X. Removing the logarithm by exponentiating both sides gives The arrested development coefficient is interpreted as the log of the odds ratio comparing the odds after a one unit addition in X to the original odds. Note that, unlike the multiple arrested developments, the reading of depends on the peculiar value of X since the chance values, the P ‘s, will change for different X.3.7.3 Binary Independent Variable:When Ten can take on merely two values, say 0 and 1, the above reading becomes even simpler. Since there are merely two possible values of X, there is a alone reading for given by the log of the odds ratio. In mathematical term, the significance of is so To wholly understand, we must take the logarithm of the odds ratio. It is hard to believe in footings of logarithms. However, we can retrieve that the log of one is zero. So a positive value of indicates that the odds of the numerator are big while a negative value indicates that the odds of the denominator are larger. It is probability easiest to believe in footings of instead than a, because is the odds ratio while is the log of the odds ratio.3.7.4 Multiple Independent Variables:When there are multiple independent variables, the reading of each arrested development coefficient more hard, particularly if interaction footings are included in the theoretical account. In general nevertheless, the arrested development coefficient is interpreted the same as above, except that the caution ‘holding all other independent variables changeless ‘ must be added. That is, can the values of this independent variable be increased by one without altering any of the other variables. If it can, so the reading is as earlier. If non, so some type of conditional statement must be added that histories for the values of the other variables.3.7.5 Polynomial Dependent Variable:When the dependant variable has more than two values, there will be more than one arrested development equation. Infect, the figure of arrested development equation is equal to one less than the figure of categories in dependent variables. This makes reading more hard because there is several arrested development coefficients associated with each independent variable. In this instance, attention must be taken to understand what each arrested development equation is anticipation. Once this is understood, reading of each of the k-1 arrested development coefficients for each variable can continue as above. For illustration, dependant variable has three classs A, B and C. Two arrested development equations will be generated matching to any two of these index variables. The value that is non used is called the mention class value. As in this instance C is taken as mention class, the arrested development equations would be The two coefficients for in these equations, , give the alteration in the log odds of A versus C and B versus C for a one unit alteration in, severally.3.7.6 Premises:On logistic arrested development the existent limitation is that the result should be distinct. One-dimensionality in the logit i.e. the logistic arrested development equation should be additive related with the logit signifier of the response variable. No outliers Independence of mistakes. No Multicollinearity.3.8 Categorization Trees:To foretell the rank of each category or object in instance of categorical response variable on the footing of one or more forecaster variables categorization trees are used. The flexibleness ofA categorization trees makes them a really dramatic analysis choice, but it can non be said that their usage is suggested to the skip of more traditional techniques. The traditional methods should be preferred, in fact, when the theoretical and distributional premises of these methods are fulfilled. But as an option, or as a technique of last option when traditional methods fail, A categorization treesA are, in the sentiment of many research workers, unsurpassed.The survey and usage ofA categorization treesA are non prevailing in the Fieldss of chance and statistical theoretical account sensing ( Ripley, 1996 ) , butA categorization treesA are by and large used in applied Fieldss as in medical specialty for diagnosing, computing machine scientific discipline to measure informations constructions, vegetation for categorization, and in psychological science for doing determination theory.A Classification trees thirstily provide themselves to being displayed diagrammatically, functioning to do them easy to construe. Several tree turning algorithms are available. In this survey three algorithms are used CART ( Classification and Regression Tree ) , CHAID ( Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection ) , and QUEST ( Quick Unbiased Efficient Statistical Tree ) .3.9 CHAID Algorithm:The CHAID ( Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection ) algorithm is originally proposed by Kass ( 1980 ) . CHAID algorithm allows multiple splits of a node. This algorithm merely accepts nominal or ordinal categorical forecasters. When forecasters are uninterrupted, they are transformed into ordinal forecasters before utilizing this algorithm It consists of three stairss: meeting, splitting and fillet. A tree is grown by repeatedly utilizing these three stairss on each node get downing organize the root node.3.9.1. Merging:For each explanatory variable Ten, unify non-significant classs. If X is used to divide the node, each concluding class of X will ensue in one kid node. Adjusted p-value is besides calculated in the confluent measure and this P value is to be used in the measure of splitting. If there is merely one class in X, so halt the process and set the adjusted p-value to be 1. If X has 2 classs, the adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodations. Otherwise, happen the sensible brace of classs of X ( a sensible brace of classs for ordinal forecaster is two next classs, and for nominal forecaster is any two classs ) that is least significantly different ( i.e. more similar ) . The most kindred brace is the brace whose trial statistic gives the highest p-value with regard to the response variable Y. For the brace holding the highest p-value, look into if its p-value is larger than significance-level. If it is larger than significance degree, this brace is merged into a individual compound class. Then a new set of classs of that explanatory variable is formed. If the freshly created compound class consists of three or more original classs, so happen the best binary split within the compound class for which p-value is the smallest. Make this binary split if its p-value is non greater than significance degree. The adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodation. Any class holding excessively few observations is merged with the most likewise other class as measured by the largest of the p-value. The adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodation.3.9.2. Splitting:The best split for each explanatory variable is found in the measure of unifying. The rending measure selects which predictor to be used to outdo split the node. Choice is accomplished by comparing the adjusted p-value associated with each forecaster. The adjusted p-value is obtained in the confluent measure. Choose the independent variable that has minimum adjusted p-value ( i.e. most important ) . If this adjusted p-value is less than or equal to a user-specified alpha-level, split the node utilizing this forecaster. Else, do non divide and the node is considered as a terminal node.3.9.3. Fillet:The stopping measure cheques if the tree turning procedure should be stopped harmonizing to the following fillet regulations. If a node becomes pure ; that is, all instances in a node have indistinguishable values of the dependant variable, the node will non be split. If all instances in a node have indistinguishable values for each forecaster, the node will non be split. If the current tree deepness reaches the user specified maximal tree deepness bound value, the tree turning procedure will halt. If the size of a node is less than the user-specified minimal node size value, the node will non be split. If the split of a node consequences in a kid node whose node size is less than the user-specified minimal kid node size value, child nodes that have excessively few instances ( as compared with this lower limit ) will unify with the most similar kid node as measured by the largest of the p-values. However, if the ensuing figure of child nodes is 1, the node will non be split.3.9.4 P-Value Calculation in CHAID:Calculations of ( unadjusted ) p-values in the above algorithms depend on the type of dependent variable. The confluent measure of CHAID sometimes needs the p-value for a brace of X classs, and sometimes needs the p-value for all the classs of X. When the p-value for a brace of X classs is needed, merely portion of informations in the current node is relevant. Let D denote the relevant information. Suppose in D, X has I classs and Y ( if Y is categorical ) has J classs. The p-value computation utilizing informations in D is given below. If the dependant variable Y is nominal categorical, the void hypothesis of independency of X and Y is tested. To execute the trial, a eventuality ( or count ) tabular array is formed utilizing categories of Y as columns and classs of the forecaster X as rows. The expected cell frequences under the void hypothesis are estimated. The ascertained and the expected cell frequences are used to cipher the Pearson chi-squared statistic or to cipher the likeliness ratio statistic. The p-value is computed based on either one of these two statistics. The Pearson ‘s Chi-square statistic and likeliness ratio statistic are, severally, Where is the ascertained cell frequence and is the estimated expected cell frequence, is the amount of ith row, is the amount of jth column and is the expansive sum. The corresponding p-value is given by for Pearson ‘s Chi-square trial or for likeliness ratio trial, where follows a chi-squared distribution with d.f. ( J-1 ) ( I-1 ) .3.9.5 Bonferroni Adjustments:The adjusted p-value is calculated as the p-value times a Bonferroni multiplier. The Bonferroni multiplier adjusts for multiple trials. Suppose that a forecaster variable originally has I classs, and it is reduced to r classs after the confluent stairss. The Bonferroni multiplier B is the figure of possible ways that I classs can be merged into R classs. For r=I, B=1. For use the undermentioned equation.3.10 QUEST Algorithm:QUEST is proposed by Loh and Shih ( 1997 ) as a Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree. It is a tree-structured categorization algorithm that yields a binary determination tree. A comparing survey of QUEST and other algorithms was conducted by Lim et Al ( 2000 ) . The QUEST tree turning procedure consists of the choice of a split forecaster, choice of a split point for the selected forecaster, and halting. In QUEST algorithm, univariate splits are considered.3.10.1 Choice of a Split Forecaster:For each uninterrupted forecaster X, execute an ANOVA F trial that trials if all the different categories of the dependant variable Y have the same mean of X, and cipher the p-value harmonizing to the F statistics. For each categorical forecaster, execute a Pearson ‘s chi-square trial of Y and X ‘s independency, and cipher the p-value harmonizing to the chi-square statistics. Find the forecaster with the smallest p-value and denote it X* . If this smallest p-value is less than I ± / M, where I ± ( 0,1 ) is a degree of significance and M is the entire figure of forecaster variables, forecaster X* is selected as the split forecaster for the node. If non, travel to 4. For each uninterrupted forecaster X, compute a Levene ‘s F statistic based on the absolute divergence of Ten from its category mean to prove if the discrepancies of X for different categories of Y are the same, and cipher the p-value for the trial. Find the forecaster with the smallest p-value and denote it as X** . If this smallest p-value is less than I ±/ ( M + M1 ) , where M1 is the figure of uninterrupted forecasters, X** is selected as the split forecaster for the node. Otherwise, this node is non split.3.10.1.1 Pearson ‘s Chi-Square Trial:Suppose, for node T, there are Classs of dependent variable Yttrium. The Pearson ‘s Chi-Square statistic for a categorical forecaster Ten with classs is given by3.10.2 Choice of the Split Point:At a node, suppose that a forecaster variable Ten has been selected for dividing. The following measure is to make up one's mind the split point. If X is a uninterrupted forecaster variable, a split point vitamin D in the split Xa†°Ã‚ ¤d is to be determined. If X is a nominal categorical forecaster variable, a subset K of the set of all values taken by X in the split XK is to be determined. The algorithm is as follows. If the selected forecaster variable Ten is nominal and with more than two classs ( if X is binary, the split point is clear ) , QUEST foremost transforms it into a uninterrupted variable ( name it I? ) by delegating the largest discriminant co-ordinates to classs of the forecaster. QUEST so applies the split point choice algorithm for uninterrupted forecaster on I? to find the split point.3.10.2.1 Transformation of a Categorical Predictor into a Continuous Forecaster:Let X be a nominal categorical forecaster taking values in the set Transform X into a uninterrupted variable such that the ratio of between-class to within-class amount of squares of is maximized ( the categories here refer to the categories of dependent variable ) . The inside informations are as follows. Transform each value ten of X into an I dimensional silent person vector, where Calculate the overall and category J mean of V. where N is a specific instance in the whole sample, frequence weight associated with instance N, is the entire figure of instances and is the entire figure of instances in category J. Calculate the undermentioned IA-I matrices. Perform individual value decomposition on T to obtain where Q is an IA-I extraneous matrix, such that Let where if 0 otherwise. Perform individual value decomposition on to obtain its eigenvector which is associated with its largest characteristic root of a square matrix. The largest discriminant co-ordinate of V is the projection3.10.3 Fillet:The stopping measure cheques if the tree turning procedure should be stopped harmonizing to the following fillet regulations. If a node becomes pure ; that is, all instances belong to the same dependant variable category at the node, the node will non be split. If all instances in a node have indistinguishable values for each forecaster, the node will non be split. If the current tree deepness reaches the user-specified maximal tree deepness bound value, the tree turning procedure will halt. If the size of a node is less than the user-specified minimal node size value, the node will non be split. If the split of a node consequences in a kid node whose node size is less than the user-specified minimal kid node size value, the node will non be split.3.11 CART Algorithm:Categorization and Regression Tree ( C & A ; RT ) or ( CART ) is given by Breiman et Al ( 1984 ) . CART is a binary determination tree that is constructed by dividing a node into two kid nodes repeatedly, get downing with the root node that contains the whole acquisition sample. The procedure of ciphering categorization and arrested development trees can be involved four basic stairss: Specification of Criteria for Predictive Accuracy Split Selection Stoping Right Size of the Tree A3.11.1 Specification of Criteria for Predictive Accuracy:The categorization and arrested development trees ( C & A ; RT ) algorithms are normally aimed at accomplishing the greatest possible prognostic truth. The anticipation with the least cost is defined as most precise anticipation. The construct of costs was developed to generalise, to a wider scope of anticipation state of affairss, the idea that the best anticipation has the minimal misclassification rate. In the bulk of applications, the cost is measured in the signifier of proportion of misclassified instances, or discrepancy. In this context, it follows, hence, that a anticipation would be considered best if it has the lowest misclassification rate or the smallest discrepancy. The demand of minimising costs arises when some of the anticipations that fail are more catastrophic than others, or the failed anticipations occur more frequently than others.3.11.1.1 Priors:In the instance of a qualitative res ponse ( categorization job ) , costs are minimized in order to minimise the proportion of misclassification when priors are relative to the size of the category and when for every category costs of misclassification are taken to be equal. The anterior chances those are used in minimising the costs of misclassification can greatly act upon the categorization of objects. Therefore, attention has to be taken for utilizing the priors. Harmonizing to general construct, to set the weight of misclassification for each class the comparative size of the priors should be used. However, no priors are required when one is constructing a arrested development tree.3.11.1.2 Misclassification Costss:Sometimes more accurate categorization of the response is required for a few categories than others for grounds non related to the comparative category sizes. If the decisive factor for prognostic truth is Misclassification costs, so minimising costs would amount to minimising the proportion of misclassification at the clip priors are taken relative to the size of categories and costs of misclassification are taken to be the same for every category. A3.11.2 Split Choice:The following cardinal measure in categorization and arrested develop ment trees ( CART ) is the choice of splits on the footing of explanatory variables, used to foretell rank in instance of the categorical response variables, or for the anticipation uninterrupted response variable. In general footings, the plan will happen at each node the split that will bring forth the greatest betterment in prognostic truth. This is normally measured with some type of node dross step, which gives an indicant of the homogeneousness of instances in the terminal nodes. If every instance in each terminal node illustrate equal values, so node dross is smallest, homogeneousness is maximum, and anticipation is ideal ( at least for the instances those were used in the computations ; prognostic cogency for new instances is of class a different affair ) . In simple words it can be said that Necessitate a step of dross of a node to assist make up one's mind on how to divide a node, or which node to divide The step should be at a upper limit when a node is every bit divided amongst all categories The dross should be zero if the node is all one category3.11.2.1 Measures of Impurity:There are many steps of dross but following are the good known steps. Misclassification Rate Information, or Information Gini Index In pattern the misclassification rate is non used because state of affairss can happen where no split improves the misclassification rate and besides the misclassification rate can be equal when one option is clearly better for the following measure.3.11.2.2 Measure of Impurity of a Node:Achieves its upper limit at ( , ,aˆÂ ¦ , ) = ( , ,aˆÂ ¦ , ) Achieves its lower limit ( normally zero ) when one = 1, for some I, and the remainder are zero. ( pure node ) Symmetrical map of ( , ,aˆÂ ¦ , )Gini index:I ( T ) = = 1 –Information:3.11.2.3 To Make a Split at a Node:See each variable, ,aˆÂ ¦ , Find the split for that gives the greatest decrease in Gini index for dross i.e. maximise ( 1 – ) – make this for j=1,2, aˆÂ ¦ , P Use the variables that gives the best split, If cost of misclassification are unequal, CART chooses a split to obtain the biggest decrease in I ( T ) = C ( one | J ) = [ C ( one | J ) + C ( j | I ) ] priors can be incorporated into the costs )3.11.3 Fillet:In chief, splitting could go on until all instances are absolutely classified or predicted. However, this would n't do much sense since one would probably stop up with a tree construction that is as complex and â€Å" boring † as the original informations file ( with many nodes perchance incorporating individual observations ) , and that would most likely non be really utile or accurate for foretelling new observations. What is required is some sensible fillet regulation. Two methods can be used to maintain a cheque on the splitting procedure ; viz. Minimum N and Fraction of objects.3.11.3.1 Minimal N:To make up one's mind about the fillet of the splits, splitting is permitted to go on until all the terminal nodes are pure or they are more than a specified figure of objects in the terminal node.3.11.3.2 Fraction of Objects:Another manner to make up one's mind about the fillet of the spli ts, splitting is permitted to go on until all the terminal nodes are pure or there are a specified smallest fraction of the size of one ore more classs in the response variable. For categorization jobs, if the priors are tantamount and category sizes are same as good, so we will halt splitting when all terminal nodes those have more than one class, have no more instances than the defined fraction of the size of class for one or more classs. On the other manus, if the priors which are used in the analysis are non equal, one would halt splitting when all terminal nodes for which two or more categories have no more instances than defined fraction for one or more categories ( Loh and Vanichestakul, 1988 ) .3.11.4 Right Size of the Tree:The majority of a tree in the C & A ; RT ( categorization and arrested development trees ) analysis is an of import affair, since an unreasonably big tree makes the reading of consequences more complicated. Some generalisations can be presented about what constitutes the accurate size of the tree. It should be adequately complex to depict for the acknowledged facts, but it should be every bit easy as possible. It should use inform ation that increases prognostic truth and pay no attending to information that does non. It should demo the manner to the larger apprehension of the phenomena. One attack is to turn the tree up to the right size, where the size is specify by the user, based on the information from anterior research, analytical information from earlier analyses, or even perceptual experience. The other attack is to utilize a set of well-known, structured processs introduced by Breiman et Al. ( 1984 ) for the choice of right size of the tree. These processs are non perfect, as Breiman et Al. ( 1984 ) thirstily acknowledge, but at least they take subjective sentiment out of the procedure to choose the right-sized tree. A There are some methods to halt the splitting.3.11.4.1 Test Sample Cross-Validation:The most preferable sort of cross-validation is the trial sample cross-validation. In this kind of cross-validation, the tree is constructed from the larning sample, and trial sample is used to look into the prognostic truth of this tree. If test sample costs go beyond the costs for the acquisition sample, so this is an indicant of hapless cross-validation. In this instance, some other sized tree may cross-validate healthier. The trial samples and larning samples can be made by taking two independent informations sets, if a larger learning sample is gettable, by reserving a randomly chosen proportion ( say one 3rd or one half ) of the instances for utilizing as the trial sample. A Split the N units in the preparation sample into V- groups of â€Å" equal † size. ( V=10 ) Construct a big tree and prune for each set of V-1 groups. Suppose group V is held out and a big tree is built from the combined informations in the other V-1 groups. Find the â€Å" best † subtree for sorting the instances in group V. Run each instance in group V down the tree and calculate the figure that are misclassified. R ( T ) = R ( T ) + Number of nodes in tree T Complexity parametric quantity Number misclassified With tree T Find the â€Å" weakest † node and snip off all subdivisions formed by dividing at that node. ( examine each non terminal node ) I ) Check each brace of terminal nodes and prune if 13S 3 F Number misclassified at node T = 3 7 S 3 F 6 S 0 F=0 = 3 13S 3 F so do a terminal node. two ) Find the following â€Å" weakest † node. For the t-th node compute R ( T ) = R ( T ) + Number of nodes at or below node T Number misclassified If all subdivisions from node T are kept R ( T ) = = R ( T ) should snip if R ( T ) R ( T ) this occurs when at each non terminal node compute the smallest value of such that the node with the smallest such is the weakest node and all subdivisions below it should be pruned off. It so becomes a terminal node. Produce a sequence of trees this is done individually for V= 1,2, aˆÂ ¦ , V.3.11.4.2 V-fold Cross-Validation:The 2nd type of cross-validation is V-fold cross-validation. This type of cross-validation is valuable when trial sample is non available and the acquisition sample is really little that test sample can non be taken from it. The figure of random bomber samples are determined by the user specified value ( called ‘v ‘ value ) for V-fold cross proof. These sub samples are made from the acquisition samples and they should be about equal in size. A tree of the specified size is calculated ‘v ‘ A times, each clip go forthing out one of the bomber samples from the calculations, and utilizing that sub sample as a trial sample for cross-validation, with the purpose that each bomber sample is considered ( 5 – 1 ) times within the learning sample and merely one time as the trial sample. The cross proof costs, calculated for all ‘v ‘ trial samples, are averaged to show the v-fold estimation of the cross proof costs.